Investigation about the suppression of insecticide reistance of Tomato miner (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), Lep.: Gelechiidae) and retarding the possibility

Domates güvesi (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), Lep.: Gelechiidae) en önemli domates zararlılarından birisidir. Türkiye'ye zararlının ilk giriş yaptığı Urla ilçesinde ve yoğun domates üretimi yapılan Aydın ilinde % 50 - 100'e varan ürün kayıplarına neden olması nedeniyle, kimyasal mücadele uygulanmaktadır. Yoğun kimyasal kullanımı nedeniyle zararlının kullanılan insektisitlere karşı direnç oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Urla ve Aydın bölgelerinde Domates güvesinin insektisitlere karşı direnç durumunun araştırılması, hangi enzimlerin direnç durumundan sorumlu olduğunun belirlenmesi ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre hangi sinerjist maddelerin direncin oluşmasını engellediğinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Aydın popülasyonunda Indoxacarb, Metaflumizone, Spinosad ve Chlorantraniliprole'un LC50 değeri Urla popülasyonuna göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Urla popülasyonunda ise Azadirachtin'in LC50 değeri Aydın popülasyonuna göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Dirençli olduğu saptanan Aydın ve Urla popülasyonları için insektisit ve sinerjist madde (PBO, DEM, TRİP) uygulamaları ile direncin azaltılabileceği saptanmıştır. Yapılan enzim analizleri sonucunda ise GST enzimi ve EST enzimleri Aydın populasyonu için sırasıyla 1.905 unit aktivite/mg protein/dk ve 0.110 n mol ßNA/mg protein/dk olup, GST enzimi istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak Aydın ve Urla bölgesindeki T. absoluta popülasyonlarının kullanılan insektisitlere karşı direnç oluşturduğu ve sinerjist maddelerin direnci azaltmada önemli rol oynadığı saptanmış olup, zararlı ile mücadele için moleküler seviyede çalışmaların artırılması gerektiği gözlenmiştir. Tomato Miner (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), Lep.: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important tomatoes pest. It causes %50-100 production losses in the first entry region Urla and intensive tomato production area Aydın. For that reason in T. absoluta management stratejies, chemical application is mostly used. Because of the intensive chemical usage, resistance was occured. Due to these reasons it is aimed to determine the resistance status of T. absoluta in Urla and Aydın regions and which enzyme system is responsible from this resistance, along with the results which synergist can inhibit the insecticide resistance. According to the results when Aydın population compared by Urla population LC50 values Indoxacarb, Metaflumizone, Spinosad and Chlorantraniliprole were found higher. LC50 values for Azadirachtin was higher in Urla region as compared by Aydın region. Resistance in the T. absoluta population of Urla and Aydın can reduce the resistance by using insecticide with synergists (PBO, DEM, TRİP). Therefore the result of enzymatic assay showed that GST and EST activities of Aydın population was found respectively 1.905 unit aktivity/mg protein/dk and 0.110 n mol ß NA/mg protein/dk, with this values GST enzyme activities of Aydın population was found significant according to the Urla population. As a result T. absoluta population in Aydın and Urla region have insecticide resistance and synergists play an important role for insecticide management program is determined. Besides this moleculer studies for this pest can be improved was observed

Aydın Lycee

Uzun süre bölgenin tek lisesi olarak hizmet veren Aydın Lisesi'nin gelişimi öğrenci merkezli olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Aydın Lisesi'nin sosyal, kültürel, sportif alanlardaki çalışmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Tez yedi ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde araştırmanın problemi, amacı, yöntemi, sınırlılıkları ve tanımlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, genel hatlarıyla Aydın eğitim tarihine değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde Aydın İli'nin ilk ortaokulu olan, sonradan Aydın Ortaokulu adını alan İkbal Ortaokulu incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Aydın Lisesi açıldığında Türkiye'nin eğitim durumu, Aydın'da bir liseye olan ihtiyaç ve Aydın Lisesi'nin açılması ve gelişimine değinilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde Aydın Lisesi'nin son yıllardaki ÖSS başarı durumu bazı istatistikî verilerle incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde Aydın Lisesi'nin sosyal, kültürel, sportif çalışmaları ele alınmış ve çeşitli alanlarda elde ettiği başarılara yer verilmiştir. Son bölümde ise Aydın Lisesi'nin ilk mezunları ve Lise'den mezun olan, ardından önemli görevler üstlenen ve toplum tarafından tanınan Aydın Lisesi öğrencileri tanıtılmıştır.The upswing of Aydın Lycee, the only lycee of the region for a long time, is tried to be examined, based on students' activities. Social, culturel and sportive activities of Aydın Lycee have been evaluated. The work has seven main parts. In the first part the problem, aim, method, limitation and definition of the research have been reported. In the second part, generally, Aydın's educational history is mentioned. In the third part, İkbal which is the first secondary school in Aydın is mentioned, then known as Aydın Secondary School. In the fourth part, the educational situation of Turkey and the demand for a lycee in Aydın, establisment and evolution of Aydın Lycee when it was build are mentioned. In the fifth part the status of Aydın Lycee in OSS exam for higher education in the late years is analyzed through statistical data. In the sixth part, social, cultural, sportive activities of Aydın Lycee and some successes on some branches are touched upon. In the last part, the very first graduates having taken over some important roles and known by society are introduced

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL DYNAMICS TO URBAN HIERARCHY: COMPROMISING CITIES INSTEAD OF COMPETITIVE CITIES

Especially after 1990ââ¬â¢s, important results have emerged with the rapid transformation process in the world by the concept of globalization. It is emphasized that cities are the center of spatial transformation where the globalization mostly effected. The economic and technological developments have caused the fluidity of capital in this manner cities have to bring out their potentials more than ever to attract the capital and disparities reveals in the pattern of urban hierarchy. The presence of cities depends on the renewal of existing potentials according to the changing conditions of today. In this process, many cities around the world, especially with economic, spatial, environmental advantages come forward in the international arena. While the competition between cities significantly increased, the cities that cannot keep up with varying conditions are destined to lose. The context of this paper is about the effects of the globalization and changes in the economic structure to urban hierarchy which is examined in the Aydın Providence of Turkey. Aydın is a developed province of Aegean Region which is situated in the seaside with its natural amenities that has to be protected. There are sub-regions which have different identities stands out in the province. The settlements in the inner sides and the coast sides differentiate in social, economic, demographic characteristics. While the population of settlements in the coast side of the province are increased as a result of investments and tourism potentials, the population of inner settlements which are based on agricultural economies, are decreased. Consequently, a dual structure is present in the very same region; we can see developing and an under developed sub-regions. The material example of this structure can be observed in two different districts of Aydın; Kuşadası which is situated in the seaside; Söke which is situated in the inner side. At this point, the basic problematic of this paper is about the positive-negative effects of rapid development of certain areas. As a result, in the context of emerging problems, the two settlements which are located in close proximity are examined and the concept of compromising cities suggested instead of competitive cities.

Administration in Aydın in the first half of the XIXth century

XIX. Yüzyılın lk Yarısında Aydın'da Yönetim Bu çalışmada XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Aydın'daki yönetim olgusu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, Aydın eyaletinin kuruluş tarihiyle ilgili araştırmacılar arasındaki ikileme dikkat çekilerek eyaletin hangi tarihte kurulmuş olabileceği netliğe kavuşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Tez; Giriş, Sonuç ve Özet dışında üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. I. Bölümde Aydın'da Âyanlık başlığı altında Cihanoğulları ve Karaosmanoğulları âyan ailelerinin bölgedeki yöneticilik fonksiyonları üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca Aydın muhassıllığının sadrazam haslığına çevrilmesi ve 1811 yılı düzenlemesi bu bölümde ele alınan diğer önemli iki konudur. II. Bölümde Aydın'da mutasarrıflık başlığı altında Aydın'da mutasarrıf paşaların ilk yılları ve 1826 tarihinde Anadolu eyaletinde idari alanda yapılan düzenlemenin Aydın sancağındaki izleri sürülmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunun devamında merkezileşmeye tepki olarak algılanabilecek Atçalı Kel Mehmet olayının sebep ve sonuçları ortaya konulmuştur. III. Bölümde Tanzimat ve Aydın başlığı altında Tanzimat'ın hemen öncesinde oluşturulan müşirlik sistemi ve bu yapılanmayla beraber Aydın'ın sancaklıktan eyalete geçiş süreci üzerinde durulduktan sonra Aydın'ın eyalet merkezini zmir'e bırakmasıyla çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Administration in Aydın in the First Half of the XIXth Century In this research, administrative facts of Aydın in the first half of the XIXth century are studied. Attracting attention to the foundation date of Province (Eyalet) of Aydın about which there is a dilemma amongst the researches, the issue is also tried to become clear. Apart from Introduction, Conclusion and Summary; the Thesis consists of three main parts. In the first part, in the name of ?the Notables (Âyanlık) in Aydın?, it is dwelled upon the administrative functions of Cihanoğulları and Karaosmanoğulları as notable dynasties in the district. Moreover, conversion of Aydın tax-colecting region (muhassıllık) to grand vizier private property, and 1811 arrangement are other two important subjects to be examined. In the second part, in the name of ?Tax Regional Government (mutasarrıflık) in ?Aydın?, the first years of the tax collector governors (mutasarrıf) in Aydın; and, influences of 1826 administrative renovation for Anatolian provinces upon Sanjak of Aydın are studied. The reason and the results of the Atçalı Kel Mehmet Event as a reaction against the centralization policy are studied respectively. As for ın the third part, in the name of ?the Tanzimat (reorderings) Era and ?Aydın?, after the System of Commanders that was formed just before the Tanzimat Era, and the process of transformation of Aydın from a sanjak to a province being held, the study comes to an end with giving Aydın up being the center of the province for İzmir

The isolation, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida strains in cattle in the region of Aydin and Izmir

Bu çalısmada, Pasteurella multocida izolasyonu amacıyla kullanılan toplam 570 adet sıgır intratrcheal svabının 350 adedi İzmir ilinde, 220 adedi ise Aydın ilinde bulunan mezbahalardan temin edildi. Arastırmada kullanılan 570 adet örnegin 28 (%4,9)'inden P. multocida izolasyon ve identifikasyonu yapıldı. İzmir ilinden alınan 350 örnekten 18 adet (% 5,14) ve Aydın ilinden alınan 220 örnekten 10 adet (% 4,54) P. multocida izolasyon ve identifikasyonu yapılmıstır. Yapılan çalısmada 28 adet saha susunun 15 (% 53,6) adedi tip B, 10 (% 35,7) adedi tip A ve 1 (% 3,5) adedi de tip D olarak tespit edildi. İzolatlardan 2 (% 7,2) adedi ise tiplendirilememistir. P. multocida suslarının % 93,0 flourphenicole'e, % 61,0 enrofloxacine'e, % 54,0 oxytetracycline'e duyarlı oldugu bulundu. P. multocida suslarının tümünün erytromycine ve sulphamethaxsazole ? trimethoprim'e % 82,0, gentamycine'e % 64,0 ve amoxycilline clavulanic acid'e ise % 61,0 oranlarında dirençli oldugu tespit edilmistir. In this study, a total of 570 intratracheal swabs were examined for the Pasteurella multocida isolation that were taken 350 of from zmir region slaughterhouse and were taken 220 of from Aydın region slaughterhouse. P. multocida was identified from 28 (4,9%) of 570 intratracheal swabs that were examined in this study. Pasteurella multocida was identified from 18 (5,14%) of 350 in zmir region and 10 (4,54) of 220 in Aydın region. In the study, a total of 28 field Pasteurella multocida strains were serotyped as ; 15 (53,6 %) type B, 10 (35,7%) type A and 1 (3,5%) type D, respectively. Of 2 Pasteurella multocida strains were untypeable. The Pasteurella multocida strains were found to be susceptible to Flourphenicol (93,0 %), Enrofloxacine (61,0 %), Oxytetracycline (54,0 %) and were found to be resistant to Erythromycine (82,0 %), Sulphamethaxsazole-Trimethoprim (82,0 %), Gentamycine (64,0 %) and Amoxycilline-Clavulanic acid (61,0 %)

Granting Greater Municipality Status in Turkey: Issues, Policy Process and Outcomes

The main objectives of this paper are to question the criteria and establishment process of granting greater municipality status and to develop comprehensive and precise criteria and procedures for major Turkish urban regions. Currently, 16 greater (metropolitan) municipalities exist in Turkey in addition to 3200 other municipalities. All these greater municipalities were established by the Turkish Parliament based on the previous Act of 1984, which stayed in force until 2004. According to 1984 Greater Municipalities Act, major criteria were economic and social development level, which were to be assessed by the Government. However, social and economic development indicators were never established for such an assessment and decision for granting all current greater municipalities were made by the general political considerations and rough assumptions about the need and suitability of those urban areas. Only 5 of the greater municipalities’ population exceed 1 million, and still 5 of them are under 500.000 according to 2000 Census. Considering the lack of certain reasonable criteria for gaining greater municipality status, almost 15 other major (populous) municipalities with the population of around 500.000, have searched various ways and made several attempts to be granted greater municipality status by the Turkish Parliament. However, with the exception of Adapazarý (in 2000), all the greater municipalities were granted their status between 1984 and 1993. The exception for Adapazarý urban area was done due to major earthquakes in the Marmara Region in 1999. Yet, those other major urban areas having metropolitan characteristics are still waiting for being granted greater municipality status. The 2004 Act brings a new criterion, which requires settlements in a 10km diameter to have a minimum of 750.000 populations, which not based on academic and practical arguments. Ambiguously, economic and social development criteria are still effective in 2004 Act. However, middle-sized urban areas whose populations are around 500.000 and struggling for greater municipality status left administratively fragmented, and continue their existence being deprived of status, prestige, power, strong financial resources, administrative structure which greater municipality status may provide. Thus, determining precise criteria and processes for granting greater municipality status is an urgent and vital policy area in Turkish local government system. After summarizing the evolution of Turkish greater municipality system, this paper discusses establishing alternative and comprehensive criteria for granting greater municipalities in Turkey in a wider context of international literature and similar cases in European urban regions.

Development of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle

Tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. A common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. This study describes development and evaluation of multiplex and single PCR assays for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Following in silico screening for candidate target genes representing each of the pathogens, an optimised multiplex PCR assay was established using three primer sets, cytob1, MAR1bB2 and bovar2A, for amplification of genomic DNA of T. annulata, A. marginale and B. bovis respectively. The designed primer sets were found to be species-specific, generating amplicons of 312, 265 and 166 base pairs, respectively and were deemed suitable for the development of a multiplex assay. The sensitivity of each primer pair was evaluated using serial dilutions of parasite DNA, while specificity was confirmed by testing for amplification from DNA of different stocks of each pathogen and other Theileria, Babesia and Anaplasma species. Additionally, DNA preparations derived from field samples were used to evaluate the utility of the single and multiplex PCRs for determination of infection status. The multiplex PCR was found to detect each pathogen species with the same level of sensitivity, irrespective of whether its DNA was amplified in isolation or together with DNA representing the other pathogens. Moreover, single and multiplex PCRs were able to detect each species with equal sensitivity in serially diluted DNA representing mixtures of T. annulata, B. bovis and A. marginale, and no evidence of non-specific amplification from non-target species was observed. Validation that the multiplex PCR efficiently detects single and mixed infections from field samples was demonstrated. The developed assay represents a simple and efficient diagnostic for co-detection of tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis, and may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies aimed at assessing the burden of multiple infection with tick-borne pathogens and improving control of the associated diseases in endemic regions

Eltrombopag for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia: The aegean region of Turkey experience

Objective: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by transient or persistent decrease of the platelet count to less than 100x109/L. Although it is included in a benign disease group, bleeding complications may be mortal. With a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, which came into use in recent years, seem to be an effective option in the treatment of resistant cases. This study aimed to retrospectively assess the efficacy, long-term safety, and tolerability of eltrombopag in Turkish patients with chronic ITP in the Aegean region of Turkey. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data of 40 patients with refractory ITP who were treated with eltrombopag in the Aegean region were examined and evaluated. Results: The total rate of response was 87%, and the median duration of response defined as the number of the platelets being over 50x109/L was 19.5 (interquartile range: 5-60) days. In one patient, venous sinus thrombosis was observed with no other additional risk factors due to or related to thrombosis. Another patient with complete response and irregular follow-up for 12 months was lost due to sudden death as the result of probable acute myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Although the responses to eltrombopag were satisfactory, patients need to be monitored closely for overshooting platelet counts as well as thromboembolic events. © 2015 Turkish Society of Hematology. All rights reserved